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Frequently Asked Questions (Ubuntu)

• How to restore a root account?

security policy Ubuntu is a bit weird, so we will ignore safety recommendations advocated in the online manual:

$ sudo passwd root
Password: Enter new
UNIX password:

The first password to type is that of the user-Guillaume Levavasseur created during installation. The second is the new password that is chosen for the root account.

• What to do when apt-get update returns a "GPG error '?

Sometimes apt-get update returns an error message like this:
W: GPG error: http://localhost dapper Release: The following signatures could not be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 4CF19C3233BAC1B3

is how to fix it:

# gpg - keyserver subkeys.pgp.net - recv-keys 4CF19C3233BAC1B3
# gpg - export - Armor 4CF19C3233BAC1B3

Server side:

• # / usr / share / cups / 1 enable_sharing # / usr / share / cups / 1 enable_browsing

Client side:
Open gnome-cups-manager (Xubuntu: # apt-get install gnome-cups-manager
), launch it with xfrun , then click on "Detect network printers

. Wait a few seconds.
How reconfigure locales?

Unlike Debian, it is possible to add local

through dpkg-reconfigure locales
• . Here's a hack that allows other to this end: # cp / var / lib / local / supported.d / local / var / lib / local / supported.d / local.old

# cp / usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED / var / lib / local / supported.d / local
# dpkg-reconfigure locales
Note: Because the process takes some time, it is perhaps be not only generate a few hundred local Armenian to Zulu. In this case, edit the new file and delete
local everything one knows one would ever use.
Application practical for applications that suffer from encoding problem (like Audacity in French), we can then edit the file . desktop in / usr / share / applications
as follows:
[Desktop Entry]

Encoding = UTF-8 Name =

Audacity Audacity Sound Editor GenericName =
Comment = Record and edit audio files
audacity Icon = Type = Application

Categories = AudioVideo ; Audio, Recorder;
Exec = sh-c 'LANG = en_US; audacity'
Terminal = false

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Install and configure a DHCP server

# apt-get install dhcp3-server


Note: the machine that hosts the DHCP server must be configured for static IP. To configure the server, edit / etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf

. Ultimately, rename the original file in dhcpd.conf.orig

:

# dhcpd.conf ddns -update-style none;
default-lease-time 259200;
max -lease-time 518400;

subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

option routers 192.168.1.1;

option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
option domain-name-servers 213.36.80.1;
option domain-name "tiscali.fr" range 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.252
;
}

It is possible to assign IP addresses to certain machines invariable, based on the MAC address of the NIC. To do this, add stanzas like this:
host fujitsu

{
hardware ethernet 00:00: e2: 93:07:00

fixed-address 192.168.1.5
}
Then :

# / etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart

If the file contains a shell (as, for example, a semicolon forgotten: oD), the server simply refuses restart.

client side, an Ethernet card configuration would look like this:


auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp


To obtain an IP address of the server, simply restart the network:

# / etc / init.d / networking restart

server side, you can see the queries DHCP through tail-f / var / log / syslog.

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A proxy for APT


apt-proxy creates a local cache of packages, which saves bandwidth when installations and updates. With a slow connection, simply complete the installations on a single machine. The subsequent installations can be done quickly from the cache. Apt-proxy package for Ubuntu is in the universe archive:
# apt-get install apt-proxy side "server" configuration is done in / etc / apt-proxy / apt-proxy -v2.conf:

port = 9999

cache_dir = / var / cache / apt-proxy

cleanup_freq = off = off
max_age

max_versions

= 3;; backend servers

[myubuntu] backends =


http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
http://security .ubuntu.com / ubuntu


server side, / etc / apt / sources.list look like this: deb

http://localhost:9999/myubuntu dapper main restricted universe

Beware of bug: the new version of Ubuntu APT handles HTTP requests differently. Therefore edit / etc / apt / apt.conf and replace

Acquire:: http::Proxy false;

by

Acquire:::: Proxy "False";

server side, do not forget to (re) start / etc / init.d / apt-proxy after each change in the configuration file.

client side, it will also apply the small modification to / etc / apt / apt.conf. Then be edited sources.list like this: deb

http://192.168.1.1:9999/myubuntu dapper main restricted universe

Now, apt-get update will connect to the local server cache.

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IPMasquerading


IP Masquerading allows, among other things, to share a dial-up. Recipe specific to Debian and Ubuntu Server.



directory / etc / network / if-up.d
contains a series of scripts that run when the ifup command is invoked. Of course, it could very well create a local script (eg rc.local) that runs at the end of the boot, but the following method is more orthodox, if you will. In this directory, then create a firewall script and edit it like this:

# / bin / sh iptables-F

; iptables-t nat-F iptables-t mangle-F iptables-t nat
- A POSTROUTING-o ppp0-j MASQUERADE

echo 1> / proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

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Network & Firewall WiFi: configuration and use




Configuring a WiFi card Ovislink EVO-W54PCM

Connect card and check with

lspci: # lspci


06:00.0 Network controller: RaLink RT2500 802.11g Cardbus / mini-PCI (rev 01)

Search for driver sources on http://rt2x00.serialmonkey.com . The last driver is dated, it
rt2500-1.1.0-b4.tar.gz . Unzip the sources into an appropriate place (eg / usr / src . Inside the newly created directory, go into the directory Module /
Then: # make
# make install-fedora The current driver does not yet support bridging, so it is wise to disable eth0

. Edit / etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 :
...

ONBOOT = no ...

Upon reboot, Kudzu correctly identifies the card as wlan0
, and just learn the network parameters (static or DHCP).

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Install and manage software with Yum


Basic Configuration

# Yum check-update

Start by updating the package list. # yum-y install yum-plugin-plugin fastestmirror

practice that seeks the fastest mirror. The option-y can install packages unattended by answering yes to all questions.

Edit / etc / yum.conf and add this
at the end:
[main]
cachedir = / var / cache / yum debuglevel =


2 logfile = / var / log / yum.log
pkgpolicy = newest
distroverpkg = centos-release tolerant
= 1
exactarch
= 1 retries = 20 obsoletes

= 1 gpgcheck = 1 plugins
= 1



# yum-y install yum-plugin-protectbase Plugin that prevents the replacement of vital packages. To activate it, edit / etc / yum.repos.d / CentOS-Base.repo Protect and add = 1 at the end of stanzas [base]
,
[update] ,
[ addons] and [extras] , like this: [base] name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-centos4
protect=1
[update]
...
protect=1

...
[addons]
...
protect=1
...
[extras]
...
Protect = 1

Configure the archive rpmforge
Open a browser at http://apt.sw.be/redhat/el4/en/i386/RPMS.dag/
. Locate, download and install the rpmforge-release- xxx.rpm
.
Then, create a file / etc / yum.repos.d / dries.repo
. Edit this file like this:
[dries] name =

Extra Fedora rpms dries - $ releasever - $ basearch baseurl =
http://ftp.belnet.be/packages/dries.ulyssis.org / redhat/el4/en/i386/dries/RPMS



Configure the archive KBS Go http://centos.karan.org and download two files:



http:/ / centos.karan.org / kbsingh-CentOS-extras.repo
http://centos.karan.org/kbsingh-CentOS-Misc.repo

• Place these files in / etc / yum.repos . d / .
Some useful commands

# yum check-update

Update package list
# yum (-y) install mplayer
Install a package.

option
ahead can install packages unattended by answering yes to all questions.
# yum update mozilla-firefox
Updating a package. To update multiple packages at the same time, simply list all the names in a row. # yum update Update all packages.
# yum-C search

Search celestia package. Option C-
said Yum to use the cache and avoids unnecessary updates of the database package, painful with a slow connection.

# yum Provides rpmbuild
Find the package that provides the file rpmbuild
.
# yum-C info celestia
View on a package.
# yum remove celestia
Remove a package.
# yum list installed

Get a list of all installed packages.
# yum (-C) list updates

View packages that have updates available.
# Yum clean packages

Clear all packages from the cache.
# yum clean headers

Force downloading headers packages.
# yum clean oldheaders

Remove old headers that the system no longer needs.
# yum clean all

Removes packages from the cache and old headers, while keeping the headers update.
It is advisable to refresh the local cache packages and headers periodically to avoid strange errors and to make sure that facilities and updated using the update packages.

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Install and manage software with RPM


Installer des RPM Syntaxe de la commande d'installation:

rpm -i

# rpm -ivh vim-common-xxx.rpm
Installe le paquetage
vim-common
. -v
: mode "bavard"
-h : dessine les barres de progression avec le signe dièse
# rpm -ivh --test vim-common-xxx.rpm
Teste l'installation avant d'installer quoi que whatsoever.
Update RPM

The update is done with the option-U
.


# rpm-Uvh vim-common-xxx.rpm Note: you can also use

-U instead of-i for installation.

# rpm-Uvh - test-common vim-xxx.rpm
Used to test the command. Remove from RPM

Removal software is with the-e option
.


# rpm-ev-common vim It is not necessary to invoke the name of the whole package.

# rpm-ev vim-common vim-enhanced
To uninstall multiple programs at once, use a list of elements separated by spaces.
# rpm-ev - nodeps vim-common

Uninstall a package without checking dependencies.
# rpm-ev - test-common vim

Test command before deleting anything.

Obtain information about RPM installed

The query functions begin with the RPM-q option
.


# rpm-q vim-common Ask the RPM database if the package vim-common

is installed.
# rpm-qa
Lists all installed packages.
# rpm-qa

thunderbird-1.0.8-1.4.1.centos4 more June 21, 2006 11:41:39 EDT

gtkcdlabel-1.0pre8-1 more June 14, 2006 13:06:47 EDT
cdlabelgen-3.0 .0-1 more June 14, 2006 13:05:55 EDT


audacity-1.2.4b-1.2.el4.rf more June 14, 2006 10:46:18 EDT
libid3tag-0.15.1b-3.2.el4 . rf more June 14, 2006 10:46:16 EDT

wxgtk-2.4.2-8 more June 14, 2006 10:46:01 EDT
wxgtk-common-2.4.2-8 more June 14, 2006 10: 45:58 EDT xine-0.99.4-4.2.el4.rf more June 7, 2006 16:14:11 EDT

perl-Video-DVDRip-0.52.6-2.el4.kb more June 7, 2006 16:10:30 EDT
ogmtools-1.5-2.el4.rf more June 7, 2006 16:10:29 EDT
subtitleripper-0.3.4-3.el4.rf more June 7, 2006 16:10:28 EDT
perl-libintl-1.11-2.2.el4.rf more 07 June 2006 16:10:25 CEST
Gtk-Perl-0.7008-37 more June 7, 2006 16:10:22 EDT
libglade-0:17 to 15 more June 7, 2006 16:10:21 EDT
libxml -1.8.17-12 more June 7, 2006 16:10:05 EST
Lists the last 15 packages installed.
# rpm-ql
/ usr/share/man/man1/vimdiff.1.gz

/ usr/share/man/man1/vimtutor.1.gz Lists the files installed by the package.
# rpm-qd vim-enhanced
/ usr/share/man/man1/rvim.1.gz

/ usr/share/man/man1/vimdiff.1


/ usr/share/man/man1/vimdiff.1.gz

/ usr/share/man/man1/vimtutor.1.gz Lists the documentation files of a package installed.
# rpm-qc vim-enhanced
/ etc / profile.d / vim.csh
/ etc / profile.d / vim.sh Lists the configuration files of an installed package.
# rpm-qcf / usr / bin / vim / etc / profile.d / vim.csh
/ etc / profile.d / vim.sh
Lists the configuration files an order. The option-f ( - file ) query the package owning the file. See the following example.
# rpm-qi kernel-utils
Name: kernel-utils Relocations: (not relocatable) Version: 2.4 Vendor: CentOS
Release: 13/01/1980 Build Date: Wed, March 8th, 2006 10:50:39 p.m. CET
Install Date: Mon, 05 Jun 2006 2:43:49 p.m. EST Build Host: build-i386 Group System Environment / Base Source RPM: kernel-utils-2.4-13.1.80.src.rpm


Size: 1505214 License: GPL / OSL Signature
: DSA/SHA1, Thurs, March 9th, 2006 5:06:18 CET, Key ID a53d0bab443e1821 Packager: Johnny Hughes
Summary: Kernel and Hardware related utilities
Description:
kernel-utils contains several utilities that can be used to control the kernel or your machines hardware. Included are


* cpuspeed - dynamically change the speed of CPUs (if CPU is capable)
* dmidecode - gives information about the bios and motherboard revisions * irqbalance - Evenly distribute interrupt load across CPUs.
* microcode_ctl - updates the microcode on Intel cpus

* rng-tools - Hardware random number generation tools.
* smartctl - monitor the health of your disks
Affiche les informations à propos d'un paquetage.
# Rpm-qif / etc / init.d / gpm
Name: gpm Relocations: (not relocatable) Version: 1.20.1 Vendor: CentOS

Release: 66 Build Date: Tues, February 22, 2005 1:15:21 CET
Install Date: Mon, 05 Jun 2006 2:43:13 p.m. EST Build Host: guru.build.karan.org
Group: System Environment / Daemons Source RPM: gpm-1.20.1-
66.src.rpm Size: 293470 License: GPL Signature
: DSA/SHA1, Sat, February 26, 2005 9:44:23 p.m. CET, Key ID a53d0bab443e1821
Packager : Karanbir Singh
Summary : A mouse server for the Linux console.
Description :
Gpm provides mouse support to text-based Linux applications like the
Emacs editor and the Midnight Commander file management system. Gpm
also provides console cut-and-paste operations using the mouse and
includes a program to allow pop-up menus to appear at the click of a
mouse button.
Affiche les informations à propos d'un fichier ou d'une commande.
# rpm -qf /usr/bin/vim
vim-enhanced-6.3.046-0.40E.7
Lets find out what package a file belongs.
Obtain information about RPM uninstalled
option
-p

performs queries on non-RPM installed.
# rpm-qpl vim-enhanced-xxx.rpm Lists all files installed by the package.

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Installing CentOS Linux 4.3


At the boot prompt, type linux text .
For custom partitioning a hard drive, use
cfdisk (slackware disk) rather than Disk Druid . Otherwise, in the case of a single system on a single drive, the automatic partitioning is very fine.
Choice Package Group

Select Personal Desktop. After setting the password for root, choose this option:
[*] Customize software selection
... and select the following groups:

X Window System GNOME



Internet graphic
Office / Productivity


Sound & Video

Authoring and Publishing Graphics


Windows File Server





Change the login screen


Applications> System Settings> Login Screen

Tab Banner Graphic "select" Happy GNOME with Browser
"
Configuring GNOME desktop


Invert taskbar and Quick Launch bar, increase the size of that last more than 28 pixels.


Adding launchers to Terminal and Nautilus

.

• Delete unnecessary launchers.
Disable the screen saver: Applications> Preferences> Screensaver> "
• Disable the screensaver .
Applications> Preferences> Removable Storage: uncheck all except "
• Mount removable devices in a hot-plug " and " Mount removable media upon insertion
.
• Configuring Terminal
• Edit> Current Profile

Tab
General "uncheck" Use system font
terminal
"and select the font" Misc Fixed

"uncheck" Enable
• text bold "and" Show menubar by default in new terminals .

Tab "Colors " uncheck "Use system colors" in the predefined palettes, select "White on Black

.
• Tab
Effects ": select" Transparent
• . Tab Scrolling ": disable the scrollbar.
• Configuring Nautilus
• Edit> Preferences Tab Behavior "tick"
Always open in browser windows
• "and" Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash . In the left navigation window, select " tree.

Configuring Firefox Edit> Preferences


Tab

Downloads
• "check" Ask me where save each file "and" Close the Download Manager when all downloads are complete . Tab Advanced "select" Open links forward Background .
• Additional Packages Create a directory / usr / src / goodies and do a chown-R
• for the current user. Ranger RPMs and other additional files in that directory. Installing Vim
• Install in order:
vim-common

vim-enhanced

Install some prerequisites
• In order:
• xmms

libmad


kdelibs

• lm_sensors
• xorg-x11-xdm kdebase

cdrdao
Installation Tools and development libraries

In order:

autoconf
• glibc-kernheaders

glibc-headers

glibc-devel
gcc
kernel-devel
rpm-devel
rpm-build
checkinstall
libstdc + +-devel
gcc-c + +

zlib-devel

• freetype-devel
• fontconfig-devel
• pkgconfig
• xorg-x11 devel-
• glib2-devel
• libxml2-devel
• atk-devel
• pango-devel
• gtk2-devel
• libglade2-devel
• libjpeg-devel
• libmng-devel
• libpng-devel
• qt-devel
• alsa-lib-devel
• audiofile-devel
• esound-devel
• libogg-devel
• libvorbis-devel
• bzip2-devel
• libidn-devel
• arts-devel
• gamin-devel
• libart_lgpl-devel
• libtiff-devel
• libxslt-devel
• pcre-devel
• glib-devel
• gtk +-devel
• xmms-devel
• libmad-devel
• e2fsprogs-devel
• krb5 devel-
• openssl-devel
• kdelibs-devel
• flac-devel